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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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NAD Modulates DNA Methylation and Cell Differentiation.

Simone Ummarino1,2,3, Clinton Hausman3, Giulia Gaggi3,4

  • 1Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Cells
|November 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The essential nutrient NAD influences the epigenome, impacting cell differentiation. NAD impairs DNMT1 activity, leading to CEBPA gene activation and myeloid differentiation.

Keywords:
DNA methylationNADepigeneticsgene regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Nutritional biochemistry
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Nutritional intake significantly influences the human epigenome through epigenetic pathways during normal cell development.
  • Nutritional imbalances can disrupt epigenetic profiles, potentially leading to cellular malignant transformation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the novel epigenetic effects of the essential nutrient Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD).
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which NAD influences epigenetic regulation and cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the impact of NAD on DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) enzymatic activity.
  • Analyzed gene expression changes, specifically focusing on the CEBPA gene, following NAD treatment.
  • Observed morphological and phenotypical changes in NAD-treated cells to assess differentiation.

Main Results:

  • NAD was found to impair DNMT1 enzymatic activity through ADP-ribosylation.
  • Impaired DNMT1 activity resulted in the demethylation and transcriptional activation of the CEBPA gene.
  • NAD-treated cells displayed significant morphological and phenotypical alterations indicative of myeloid differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • NAD plays a novel role in regulating cell differentiation via epigenetic modifications.
  • NAD-promoted ADP-ribosylation of DNMT1 is a key molecular mechanism linking nutrition to epigenetics.
  • These findings suggest potential nutri-epigenetic strategies for controlling gene expression and cell fate.