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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2r&#947;null (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat.

Giancarlo Ceccarelli1, Marta Giovanetti2,3, Caterina Sagnelli4

  • 1Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) is prevalent in West Africa and less transmissible than HIV-1. Early diagnosis and appropriate antiretroviral therapy are crucial for managing HIV-2 infection.

Keywords:
AIDSHIV-2epidemiology

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection is most prevalent in West Africa, with increasing recognition globally.
  • HIV-2 is characterized by lower transmissibility than HIV-1, primarily through sexual contact.
  • While CD4+ T cell decline is slower than in HIV-1, untreated HIV-2 infection typically progresses to AIDS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the molecular epidemiology of HIV-2.
  • To discuss the clinical presentation and diagnostic challenges of HIV-2 infection.
  • To summarize available data on antiretroviral therapy and treatment strategies for HIV-2.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on molecular epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and therapeutics for HIV-2.
  • Analysis of recent clinical trial data regarding treatment options for HIV-2.
  • Synthesis of information on diagnostic testing and clinical awareness for HIV-2.

Main Results:

  • HIV-2 exhibits distinct characteristics, including resistance to certain antiretroviral drug classes like NNRTIs.
  • Misdiagnosis of HIV-2 as HIV-1 can lead to treatment failure.
  • Recent trials offer insights into effective treatment regimens and initiation strategies for HIV-2.

Conclusions:

  • Clinicians require heightened awareness for diagnosing HIV-2, especially in endemic and non-endemic regions.
  • Accurate diagnostic testing is essential to prevent treatment failures.
  • Ongoing research and clinical trials are vital for optimizing HIV-2 management.