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Related Concept Videos

Wood Products01:21

Wood Products

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Wood products encompass a broad range of materials crafted from wood strands, veneers, lumber, and even waste wood-like shreds, designed for both structural and nonstructural purposes. Various specialized wood products have been developed to enhance strength, durability, and versatility in building applications.
Glue-laminated wood, often referred to as glulam, combines multiple smaller pieces of dimensional lumber using adhesives to form a single, larger piece. Cross-laminated timber consists...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

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Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer
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Bio-Based Epoxy Adhesives with Lignin-Based Aromatic Monophenols Replacing Bisphenol A.

Nigel Van de Velde1, Saška Javornik1, Tilen Sever2

  • 1National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Polymers
|November 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A novel bio-epoxy adhesive was developed using guaiacol, offering strong adhesion to glass and controlled removal. This eco-friendly alternative partially replaces bisphenol A (BPA) epoxy, enhancing sustainability in material applications.

Keywords:
bio-based epoxy adhesivesbisphenol A (BPA) replacementcresolguaiacollignin-based aromatic monophenolsvanillin

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Traditional epoxy resins often rely on bisphenol A (BPA), raising environmental concerns.
  • Developing sustainable adhesives with controlled removal properties is crucial for advanced material applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a bio-epoxy surface adhesive using lignin-based phenols for metal-to-glass adherence.
  • To create an adhesive with desirable adhesion strength, controlled removal capabilities, and reduced environmental impact.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical epoxidation of lignin-based monophenols (guaiacol, cresol, vanillin) with epichlorohydrin.
  • Characterization of epoxide synthesis using viscoelasticity, FTIR, Raman, NMR, and viscosity measurements.
  • Partial substitution of BPA epoxy with optimized guaiacol-based epoxy (20, 50, 80 wt.%) and assessment of adhesive properties.

Main Results:

  • Guaiacol demonstrated successful epoxide production and room-temperature stability, unlike other phenols tested.
  • An 80 wt.% bio-based epoxy/20 wt.% BPA thermoset exhibited optimal performance, including low BPA content and desired recoverability.
  • The optimized bio-epoxy adhesive showed effective adhesion to glass substrates and controlled de-application using acetic acid and ultrasound.

Conclusions:

  • A functional bio-epoxy adhesive was successfully synthesized from guaiacol, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional epoxies.
  • The developed adhesive meets performance requirements for metal-glass adherence and controlled disassembly.
  • This research contributes to the development of eco-friendly materials with tunable adhesive and release properties.