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Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

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Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays.

Benjamin Spetzler¹, Patrick Wiegand¹, Phillip Durdaut¹

¹Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|November 27, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Averaging signals from multiple Delta-E effect magnetic field sensors can significantly improve detection limits. This approach enhances sensitivity for low-frequency magnetic field detection by a factor of N, the number of sensors, up to approximately 200.

Keywords:

cantilever delta-E effect exchange bias magnetoelectric magnetometer sensor array

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Area of Science:

Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
Sensor Technology
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS)

Background:

Delta-E effect magnetic field sensors utilize exchange-biased magnetic multilayers for detecting low-frequency, small-amplitude magnetic fields.
Their compatibility with microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology allows for the creation of sensor arrays with a large number (N) of elements.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the potential and limitations of improving the detection limit of Delta-E effect sensors through signal averaging.
To validate a signal and noise model for sensor arrays by measuring a two-element array.

Main Methods:

Averaging the output of N sensor elements operated in parallel with a single oscillator and amplifier.
Measurements on a two-element array to validate a signal and noise model.
Estimation of requirements and tolerances for sensor elements for larger N using the developed model.

Main Results:

Intrinsic sensor element noise is uncorrelated.
Signal amplitude improves when resonance frequencies differ by less than half the resonator bandwidth.
Averaging improves the detection limit by a factor of N, with a maximum N of approximately 200, dependent on read-out electronics and intrinsic noise.

Conclusions:

Significant improvement in the limit of detection for Delta-E effect magnetic field sensors is achievable through array averaging.
A validated model is presented for optimizing the design of future Delta-E effect sensor arrays.