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Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays
Benjamin Spetzler1, Patrick Wiegand1, Phillip Durdaut1
1Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2021
Summary
Averaging signals from multiple Delta-E effect magnetic field sensors can significantly improve detection limits. This approach enhances sensitivity for low-frequency magnetic field detection by a factor of N, the number of sensors, up to approximately 200.
Area of Science:
- Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
- Sensor Technology
- Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS)
Background:
- Delta-E effect magnetic field sensors utilize exchange-biased magnetic multilayers for detecting low-frequency, small-amplitude magnetic fields.
- Their compatibility with microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology allows for the creation of sensor arrays with a large number (N) of elements.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore the potential and limitations of improving the detection limit of Delta-E effect sensors through signal averaging.
- To validate a signal and noise model for sensor arrays by measuring a two-element array.
Main Methods:
- Averaging the output of N sensor elements operated in parallel with a single oscillator and amplifier.
- Measurements on a two-element array to validate a signal and noise model.
- Estimation of requirements and tolerances for sensor elements for larger N using the developed model.
Main Results:
- Intrinsic sensor element noise is uncorrelated.
- Signal amplitude improves when resonance frequencies differ by less than half the resonator bandwidth.
- Averaging improves the detection limit by a factor of N, with a maximum N of approximately 200, dependent on read-out electronics and intrinsic noise.
Conclusions:
- Significant improvement in the limit of detection for Delta-E effect magnetic field sensors is achievable through array averaging.
- A validated model is presented for optimizing the design of future Delta-E effect sensor arrays.
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