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Identification and Characterization of Circular Single-Stranded DNA Genomes in Sheep and Goat Milk.

Marie-Thérèse König1, Robert Fux2, Ellen Link2

  • 1Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Safety, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 München, Germany.

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Circular DNA viruses and virus-like elements are present in sheep and goat milk, entering the human food chain. This discovery suggests these elements are more common in bovines and human diets than previously thought.

Keywords:
BMMFCressdnaviricotaGenomoviridaecircular ssDNAcolon/breast cancermilksmall ruminants

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Food Science
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Circular replicase-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses and unclassified DNA elements are increasingly found in animals and environments.
  • Bovine meat and milk factors (BMMF) are DNA elements suspected to be co-factors in colon and breast cancer development.
  • Understanding the presence of these elements in the human diet is crucial for assessing disease emergence risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the occurrence of CRESS viruses and BMMF in sheep and goat milk.
  • To determine if these DNA elements are transmitted through the food chain via milk.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 73 sheep and 40 goat milk samples, including retail milk.
  • Combination of rolling circle amplification (RCA), PCR, and Sanger sequencing.
  • Recovery and characterization of single-stranded (ss) circular DNA genomes.

Main Results:

  • Fifteen circular ssDNA genomes were recovered from the milk samples.
  • Nine genomes belonged to the family Genomoviridae.
  • Six genomes were identified as unclassified BMMF, indicating their presence in dairy sheep and goats.

Conclusions:

  • Dairy sheep and goats contribute to the dissemination of CRESS viruses and circular ssDNA elements into the food chain through milk.
  • The presence of these DNA elements in Bovidae is more widespread than previously assumed.
  • These findings suggest that CRESS viruses and BMMF are a common part of the human diet.