Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 11, 2025
Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration
Published on: November 23, 2019
Effect of limb rotation on radiographic alignment measurement in mal-aligned knees
Xiaoshu Sun1, Bin Yang2, Shengzhao Xiao1
1Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
Purpose:
Long-leg-radiography (LLR) is commonly used for the measurement of lower limb alignment. However, limb rotations during radiography may interfere with the alignment measurement. This study examines the effect of limb rotation on the accuracy of measurements based on the mechanical and anatomical axes of the femur and tibia, with variations in knee flexion and coronal deformity.
Methods:
Forty-five lower limbs of 30 patients were scanned with CT. Virtual LLRs simulating five rotational positions (neutral, ± 10[Formula: see text], and ± 20[Formula: see text] internal rotation) were generated from the CT images. Changes in the hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) and the femorotibial angle (FTA) were measured on each image with respect to neutral values. These changes were related to knee flexion and coronal deformity under both weight- and non-weight-bearing conditions.
Results:
The measurement errors of the HKA and FTA derived from limb rotation were up to 4.84 ± 0.66[Formula: see text] and 7.35 ± 0.88[Formula: see text], respectively, and were correlated with knee flexion (p < 0.001) and severe coronal deformity (p < 0.001). Compared with the non-weight-bearing position, the coronal deformity measured in the weight-bearing condition was 2.62[Formula: see text] greater, the correlation coefficients between the coronal deformity and the deviation ranges of HKA and FTA were also greater.
Conclusions:
Flexion and severe coronal deformity have a significant influence on the measurement error of lower limb alignment. Errors can be amplified in the weight-bearing condition compared with the non-weight-bearing condition. When using HKA and FTA to represent the mechanical axis and the anatomical axis on LLR, limb rotation impacts the anatomic axis more than the mechanical axis in patients with severe deformities. Considering LLR as the gold standard image modality, attention should be paid to the measurement of knee alignment. Especially for the possible errors derived from weight-bearing long-leg radiographs of patients with severe knee deformities.
