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Mediterranean diet and depression: a population-based cohort study.

Weiyao Yin1,2, Marie Löf3,4, Ruoqing Chen5,6

  • 1Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. weiyao.yin.2@ki.se.

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Adhering to a Mediterranean diet in middle age may lower depression risk later in life. This study found higher adherence correlated with reduced depression incidence in Swedish women.

Keywords:
Cohort studiesDepressionDietEpidemiologyMediterraneanMental healthwomen’s health

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Psychiatry
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Depression presents a significant public health challenge, necessitating identification of modifiable risk factors.
  • Existing research on the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) and depression yields mixed results.
  • This study investigates the association between MDP adherence and clinically diagnosed depression in a large population-based cohort.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the impact of adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern on the risk of developing depression.
  • To assess the association in a large cohort of Swedish women.

Main Methods:

  • A population-based sample of 49,261 Swedish women (aged 29-49) provided dietary information via food frequency questionnaire in 1991/92.
  • Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) was calculated, and potential confounders were recorded.
  • Participants were followed until 2012, with depression diagnoses extracted from the National Patient Register.

Main Results:

  • Over a mean follow-up of 20.4 years, 1677 incident depression cases were diagnosed.
  • Higher adherence to MDP (medium and high) was associated with a reduced risk of depression compared to low adherence (HR=0.82, 95% CI=0.71-0.94 for high adherence).
  • Each unit increase in MDP adherence score reduced depression risk by 5% (HR=0.95, 95% CI=0.92-0.98), with a stronger association for severe depression and increasing age.

Conclusions:

  • Higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet in middle age is linked to a lower risk of depression later in life.
  • The findings suggest diet is a modifiable factor influencing long-term mental health.
  • The association appears stronger with increasing age and for severe depression cases.