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Erythrocyte-enabled immunomodulation for vaccine delivery

Fei Wang1, Rongling Zong1, Gang Chen2

  • 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.

Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society
|November 28, 2021
PubMed

Erythrocytes capture pathogens in circulation and present them to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the spleen. Senescent or apoptotic erythrocytes are physiologically eliminated by splenic APCs in a non-inflammatory manner as to not induce an immune reaction, while damaged erythrocytes tend to induce immune activation. The distinct characteristics of erythrocytes in their lifespan or different states inspire the design of targeting splenic APCs for vaccine delivery. Specifically, normal or damaged erythrocyte-driven immune targeting can induce antigen-specific immune activation, whereas senescent or apoptotic erythrocytes can be tailored to achieve antigen-specific immune tolerance. Recent studies have revealed the potential of erythrocyte-based vaccine delivery; however, there is still no in-depth review to describe the latest progress. This review summarizes the characteristics, different immune functions, and diverse vaccine delivery behaviors and biomedical applications of erythrocytes in different states. This review aims to contribute to the rational design and development of erythrocyte-based vaccine delivery systems for treating various infections, tumors, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune diseases.

Keywords:
BiomimeticErythrocytesImmune activationImmune toleranceVaccine delivery

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