A Quinone-Based Cathode Material for High-Performance Organic Lithium and Sodium Batteries

With the increased application of batteries in powering electric vehicles as well as potential contributions to utility-scale storage, there remains a need to identify and develop efficient and sustainable active materials for use in lithium (Li)- and sodium (Na)-ion batteries. Organic cathode materials provide a desirable alternative to inorganic counterparts, which often come with harmful environmental impact and supply chain uncertainties. Organic materials afford a sustainable route to active electrodes that also enable fine-tuning of electrochemical potentials through structural design. Here, we report a bis-anthraquinone-functionalized s-indacene-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetraone (BAQIT) synthesized using a facile and inexpensive route as a high-capacity cathode material for use in Li- and Na-ion batteries. BAQIT provides multiple binding sites for Li- and Na-ions, while maintaining low solubility in commercial organic electrolytes. Electrochemical Li-ion cells demonstrate excellent stability with discharge capacities above 190 mAh g^-1 after 300 cycles at a 0.1C rate. The material also displayed excellent high-rate performance with a reversible capacity of 142 mAh g^-1 achieved at a 10C rate. This material affords high power capabilities superior to current state-of-the-art organic cathode materials, with values reaching 5.09 kW kg^-1. The Na-ion performance was also evaluated, exhibiting reversible capacities of 130 mAh g^-1 after 90 cycles at a 0.1C rate. This work offers a structural design to encourage versatile, high-power, and long cycle-life electrochemical energy-storage materials.