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Observers perceive direct gaze within a "cone of gaze," which expands with distance. This study confirmed the gaze cone

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Human observers use others' looking behavior to infer gaze direction and fixation points.
  • Judging direct gaze, the perception of being looked at, is a crucial social-cognitive task.
  • The "cone of gaze" model posits that the range of fixation points supporting direct gaze increases lawfully with distance, maintaining a constant cone angle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally test the "cone of gaze" concept with an extended range of distances.
  • To investigate potential directional errors and biases in gaze perception.
  • To refine understanding of gaze cone size and its relationship with distance.

Main Methods:

  • Participants judged direct gaze at various distances (1.6m to 7.9m).
  • The experiment incorporated measures to control for directional errors.
  • Data were analyzed for both ascending and descending distance series to identify biases.

Main Results:

  • The gaze cone demonstrated a roughly linear relationship with distance, approximating a perfect cone.
  • The mean cone size was 5.2° in diameter across tested distances.
  • Judgement variability slightly increased with distance, and differences were noted between ascending and descending series, suggesting a conservative bias.

Conclusions:

  • The experimental findings largely support the "cone of gaze" model, particularly its linear expansion with distance.
  • The study suggests that the actual cone size might be smaller than previously reported in some literature.
  • A conservative bias in gaze perception was observed, with differing results in ascending versus descending distance measurements.