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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Long-Range Structures of Amorphous Solid Water.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Amorphous solid water (ASW) was studied using X-ray diffraction and FTIR. Researchers observed micropore formation and collapse, with crystallization occurring above 140 K into stacking disordered ice (Isd).

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Amorphous solid water (ASW) is a crucial phase of ice relevant to astrochemistry and climate science.
  • Understanding ASW's structural evolution under varying conditions is essential for various scientific disciplines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural properties and phase transitions of amorphous solid water (ASW) during vapor deposition and heating.
  • To characterize the formation and collapse of micropores within ASW.

Main Methods:

  • High-energy X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine pair distribution functions (PDFs) up to the eighth coordination shell.
  • Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze molecular vibrations and identify structural changes.

Main Results:

  • The PDF of ASW remained consistent with low-density amorphous ice during deposition and heating.
  • XRD and FTIR data revealed the formation and temperature-induced collapse of micropores.
  • Crystallization of ASW into stacking disordered ice (Isd) was observed above 140 K.
  • Specific PDF peaks (4th, 5th, 6th) indicated high sensitivity to the onset of crystallization.

Conclusions:

  • ASW exhibits structural stability consistent with low-density amorphous ice under the studied conditions.
  • Micropore dynamics play a significant role in the thermal behavior of ASW.
  • The onset of crystallization in ASW is detectable through specific features in its pair distribution function.