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Swim performance with and without snorkel and the underlying energetic differences.

Nam Schellart1,2

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Summary

Snorkeling is energetically advantageous for surface swimmers. While swimming with a snorkel, divers swim faster and expend less energy on head movements, making it an efficient technique.

Keywords:
cost of breathingdraghydrodynamicskinematicsswim test

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Human Physiology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Swimming requires significant energy for head movements during inhalation.
  • Previous studies focused on breathing work with snorkels, not head movement power.
  • The energetic cost of head lifting and rotation in swimming is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model and compare the work of head movements versus breathing resistance from a snorkel.
  • To analyze differences in heart rate (HR) and velocity (v) when swimming with and without a snorkel.
  • To assess the energetic advantages of snorkeling for surface swimmers.

Main Methods:

  • A biomechanical model was developed for head lifting and rotation kinematics and hydrodynamics.
  • Nine recreational divers performed a 12-minute front crawl swim test (Cooper swim test) with and without a snorkel.
  • Heart rate and swimming velocity were recorded for both conditions.

Main Results:

  • Average swimming velocity was 4.4% higher with a snorkel (0.72 m·s⁻¹).
  • The energetic cost of inhalation was reduced from 7.5% to 2.7% of total power when snorkeling.
  • No significant difference in heart rate was observed between conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Snorkeling is energetically advantageous for surface swimming due to reduced work from head movements.
  • The energetic savings theoretically allow for a 5.2% increase in swimming velocity.
  • Snorkeling offers a more efficient swimming method for recreational divers.