Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research
07:15

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Published on: December 18, 2020

4.6K

Ride-hailing with kids: Who's got their back?

Olga A Bredikhina1, Sanaa Rafique1, Justin W Fisher1

  • 1Alabama Transportation Policy Research Center, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.

Journal of Safety Research
|December 1, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Assessing child safety in transportation network companies (TNCs) is crucial. This study found many states lack clear child car seat laws for TNC rides, highlighting areas needing improvement for child passenger safety.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Transportation Safety
  • Child Passenger Safety

Background:

  • Transportation network companies (TNCs) are increasingly used for family travel.
  • Ensuring the safety of children utilizing TNC services is a growing public health concern.
  • Existing state-level regulations for child safety in TNCs require comprehensive evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and implement a scoring system to evaluate the safety standards of children traveling in TNC vehicles across all U.S. states.
  • To identify specific areas where state laws pertaining to child car seat usage in TNCs are lacking in clarity or stringency.

Main Methods:

  • A scoring system was developed based on clarity and stringency of child car seat laws for TNCs.
  • State statutes were reviewed using the Nexus Uni legal database between December 2019 and October 2020.
  • Laws in effect as of October 28, 2020, were assessed for three criteria per parameter.

Main Results:

  • A significant lack of clarity in state child car seat laws for TNCs was observed, potentially compromising child safety.
  • Georgia and Indiana scored highest for clarity (3/3), while 16 states received the lowest score (1/3).
  • Pennsylvania achieved the highest score for stringency (3/3), whereas Indiana scored lowest (0/3).

Conclusions:

  • Most states define TNCs and mandate child car seats, with clear responsibility assigned in 35 states and fines of $50+ in 28 states.
  • The study highlights critical gaps in legal clarity and stringency for child car seat usage in TNCs.
  • Findings provide actionable insights for TNCs, policymakers, and stakeholders to enhance child passenger safety standards.
Abstract

Keywords:
Car seatChild car seat lawsChild safetyTransportation network companies

More Related Videos

Evaluating the Effect of Roadside Parking on a Dual-Direction Urban Street14:55

Evaluating the Effect of Roadside Parking on a Dual-Direction Urban Street

Published on: January 20, 2023

3.6K
Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior06:38

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

Published on: June 9, 2020

5.0K

Related Concept Videos

Parental Care00:55

Parental Care

Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
12.0K
Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings01:29

Relationship with Other Adult Family Members and Siblings

Other adult family members and siblings play a crucial role in shaping children’s social and emotional development. While parents or primary caregivers are often the central figures in early attachment and socialization, other adults in a child’s life, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles, can significantly influence developmental outcomes. These influences depend on each adult’s personality and may help compensate when a primary caregiver is emotionally distant or...
20
Parenting Styles01:27

Parenting Styles

Diana Baumrind's four parenting styles — authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, and permissive — each influence children's socio-emotional development differently.
Authoritarian Parenting
This style is strict and controlling, with little room for open dialogue. Authoritarian parents demand obedience and often enforce rules with minimal warmth. Children raised this way may lack social skills and initiative, usually comparing themselves to others unfavorably.
Authoritative...
201
Social Traps01:41

Social Traps

Social traps are negative situations where people get caught in a direction or relationship that later proves to be unpleasant, with no easy way to back out of or avoid. The concept was orignally introduced by John Platt who applied psychology to Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", where in New England herd owners could let their cattle graze in the common ground. This situation seems like a good idea, but an individual could have an advantage. If they owned...
24.1K
Root-Locus Method01:19

Root-Locus Method

A cruise control system in a car is designed to maintain a specified speed automatically by adjusting the gas pedal. The system continuously measures the vehicle's speed and makes fine adjustments to the pedal to achieve this goal. The root locus method is particularly useful for understanding how the cruise control system's behavior changes under varying conditions, such as when the car goes uphill, downhill, or faces strong wind resistance.
This system can be represented by a block...
231
Multi-input and Multi-variable systems01:22

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence...
198