Disseminated Lomentospora prolificans infection presenting with arterial exsanguination

Area of Science:

• Mycology
• Infectious Diseases
• Vascular Surgery

Background:

• Lomentospora prolificans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing diverse infections, predominantly in Australia and the southern US.
• Disseminated Lomentospora prolificans infections are exceptionally rare, posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges with limited treatment options.
• High mortality rates are associated with disseminated Lomentospora prolificans, particularly in immunocompromised patients.

Observation:

• A 48-year-old immunocompromised male presented with a groin mass, later diagnosed as disseminated Lomentospora prolificans infection.
• The infection led to a rare vascular complication: a superficial femoral artery pseudoaneurysm.
• Despite multidisciplinary medical and surgical intervention, the patient's condition deteriorated.

Findings:

• The case demonstrates a rare vascular manifestation of disseminated Lomentospora prolificans infection.
• Diagnosis and management of disseminated Lomentospora prolificans are complex, lacking established clinical guidelines.
• Treatment failure and subsequent withdrawal of support led to patient mortality.

Implications:

• This case underscores the potential for rare vascular complications in disseminated Lomentospora prolificans infections.
• Highlights the urgent need for improved diagnostic strategies and treatment guidelines for Lomentospora prolificans.
• Emphasizes the critical importance of early recognition and aggressive management in immunocompromised individuals facing rare fungal infections.