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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats
05:57

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GDF15 in Appetite and Exercise: Essential Player or Coincidental Bystander?

Anders B Klein1, Maximilian Kleinert2,3, Erik A Richter3

  • 1Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Endocrinology
|December 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress signal that lowers body weight. Exercise increases GDF15, but its role as an "exerkine" in metabolism and appetite requires further investigation.

Keywords:
GDF15appetiteenergy balanceexerciseexerkinegrowth differentiation factor 15

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Last Updated: Oct 11, 2025

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05:57

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolism research
  • Endocrinology
  • Exercise physiology

Background:

  • Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) is a cellular stress signal.
  • Pharmacological administration of GDF15 reduces food intake and body weight via the GFRAL receptor.
  • Elevated GDF15 levels are observed in various diseases and with certain drug treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological implications of exercise-induced GDF15.
  • To explore GDF15's potential role as an "exerkine" mediating organ-to-brain communication.
  • To focus on the impact of exercise-induced GDF15 on appetite and metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of GDF15 research.
  • Analysis of studies investigating GDF15 in response to exercise.
  • Discussion of GDF15's mechanism of action and receptor interactions.

Main Results:

  • Prolonged endurance exercise significantly increases circulating GDF15 levels.
  • Exercise-induced GDF15 levels can rival those seen in pathological states or with metformin treatment.
  • The precise physiological role of exercise-induced GDF15 remains under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Exercise increases GDF15, a factor known to influence appetite and body weight.
  • Further research is needed to determine if GDF15 functions as a true "exerkine" or is a bystander.
  • Understanding exercise-induced GDF15 may offer new insights into metabolic regulation.