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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

56.1K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

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The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Insights into Visual Cortex Research Through Wide-View fMRI Mapping
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Raising the stakes for cortical visual prostheses.

Michael S Beauchamp, William H Bosking, Denise Oswalt

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |December 1, 2021
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Neurotechnology offers hope for restoring vision. A patient with optic neuropathy perceived visual patterns after a penetrating electrode array was implanted in the visual cortex, enabling neural recordings and low-current stimulation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Ophthalmology

    Background:

    • Optic neuropathy can cause profound blindness.
    • Restoring vision using neurotechnology is a significant challenge.
    • Previous attempts at visual prosthetics have shown limited success.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the feasibility of restoring visual perception using a penetrating visual cortex electrode array.
    • To assess the neural response to electrical stimulation in the visual cortex.
    • To compare the efficacy of penetrating versus surface electrodes for visual percept generation.

    Main Methods:

    • Implantation of a 96-electrode penetrating array into the visual cortex of a patient with long-standing blindness.
    • Electrical stimulation of the visual cortex via the electrode array.
    • Recording of single-neuron action potentials to assess neural responses.
    • Patient-reported perception of visual patterns generated by electrical stimulation.

    Main Results:

    • The patient, blind for 16 years due to optic neuropathy, perceived visual patterns.
    • Penetrating electrodes required significantly less current (one-tenth) to elicit a visual percept compared to surface electrodes.
    • Single-neuron action potentials were successfully recorded, allowing for study of neural responses.

    Conclusions:

    • A penetrating electrode array in the visual cortex can restore a degree of visual perception in blind individuals.
    • This technology allows for detailed study of neural responses to stimulation.
    • Further research is needed to optimize patterned electrical stimulation for reliable visual percept generation.