Investigating the metal contamination status from recycling e-waste sites from Dakar, Senegal

In Senegal, processes employed for recycling e-wastes result in release of so-called heavy metals in the environment. In this study, the metal distribution and concentrations of soils collected from four e-waste recycling areas located in the Dakar area are presented. Measurements are performed using portable X-ray fluorescence and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to obtain a complete analysis of the soil, including major and trace elements (i.e., mg/kg). Levels of zinc, copper, manganese, and iron in soils are high but contrasted ranging from 66 mg/kg for Cu in Mbeubeuss landfill to more than 1000 mg/kg for Mn and 10,000 mg/kg for Zn. Lower values are obtained for chromium and lead (Cr = 207 mg/kg and Pb = 181 mg/kg). The most elevated average lead values (i.e., 2935 mg/kg and 1427 mg/kg) are obtained from the e-waste recycling sites located in the urban area of Dakar: Reubeuss and Pikine, respectively. Specific element fingerprints are obtained from each of the studied areas. To evaluate human exposure to the main metals, vegetables grown outside the large e-waste landfill were analyzed. The values obtained for Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Sr, and Zn are low, ranging from 0.11 to 9.66 mg/kg for chromium in turnip and iron in beetroots, respectively. The calculated health risk index remains below unit for all vegetables, which means no potential risk of vegetable consumption for human health. The data provided useful information to estimate contaminations and their origin. Therefore, in order to ensure food safety, continuous monitoring of the vegetables grown in the vicinity of recycling areas is needed.