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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

23.7% Efficient inverted perovskite solar cells by dual interfacial modification.

Matteo Degani^1,2, Qingzhi An², Miguel Albaladejo-Siguan²

¹Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via T. Taramelli 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy.

Science Advances

|December 1, 2021

Summary

Researchers improved inverted perovskite solar cells using dual interfacial modification with large organic cations. This boosts efficiency and stability, overcoming previous performance gaps in this solar cell architecture.

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Last Updated: Oct 11, 2025

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Renewable Energy
Photovoltaics

Background:

Inverted perovskite solar cells show promise but lag behind standard architectures in performance.
Interfacial engineering is crucial for optimizing perovskite solar cell efficiency and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

To enhance the performance of inverted perovskite solar cells.
To investigate a dual interfacial modification strategy using large organic cations.

Main Methods:

Incorporation of large organic cations at the bottom and top interfaces of the perovskite active layer.
Compatibility testing with bulk modification using ionic liquids.

Main Results:

Simultaneous improvement in open-circuit voltage (up to 1.184 V) and fill factor (up to 85%).
Achieved a champion device efficiency of 23.7%.
Demonstrated compatibility with ionic liquid bulk modification for enhanced stability.

Conclusions:

Dual interfacial modification with large organic cations is an effective strategy for improving inverted perovskite solar cells.
This approach leads to highly efficient and stable perovskite solar devices.
The method is compatible with existing perovskite processing techniques.