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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Low-energy quasilocalized excitations in structural glasses.

Edan Lerner1, Eran Bouchbinder2

  • 1Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|December 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study explores low-energy excitations in glassy solids, revealing their crucial role in unique thermomechanical properties. Understanding these quasilocalized excitations (QLEs) is key to unlocking glass behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Glassy solids display unique thermomechanical properties distinct from crystalline materials.
  • These properties have long been hypothesized to relate to nonphononic, low-energy quasilocalized excitations (QLEs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emergence and universality of QLEs in structural glasses over the past three decades.
  • To discuss challenges in understanding QLEs and frameworks developed to address them.

Main Methods:

  • Review of developments in understanding QLEs in structural glasses.
  • Analysis of computer simulations demonstrating QLE emergence during vitrification.
  • Examination of statistical and structural properties of QLEs.

Main Results:

  • Computer simulations confirm the emergence of QLEs during glass vitrification.
  • QLEs are strongly linked to the distinctive thermomechanical properties of glasses.
  • Progress has been made in understanding the universality of QLE properties.

Conclusions:

  • QLEs are fundamental to understanding the behavior of glassy solids.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the role and universality of QLEs.
  • Open questions remain regarding the precise mechanisms and implications of QLEs.