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Related Concept Videos

Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
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Sound Intensity00:58

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The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
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Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

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Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
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Sound Intensity Level00:53

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Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
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A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
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A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition
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Experimental evaluation of pseudo-sound in a parametric array.

Jiyoung Song1, Donghwan Jung1, J S Kim1

  • 1Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, Korea.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|December 2, 2021
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Summary

This study introduces a novel method to measure pseudo-sound in parametric arrays without a truncator. The technique effectively isolates and quantifies unwanted nonlinear sound generated by hydrophone systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Nonlinear Acoustics
  • Transducer Technology

Background:

  • Parametric arrays offer high directivity for low-frequency acoustic material characterization in confined spaces like water tanks.
  • Nonlinear interactions inherent in parametric arrays can generate unwanted pseudo-sound within the hydrophone system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To devise and validate an experimental method for measuring pseudo-sound without using a truncator.
  • To assess the impact of pseudo-sound in the near-field acoustic measurements.

Main Methods:

  • A novel experimental setup placed the hydrophone close to the projector to ensure dominant pseudo-sound generation.
  • Minimized the acoustic propagation path to suppress the parametric signal, isolating the pseudo-sound.
  • Matched resultant signal levels to primary levels from a distance-varying experiment for validation.

Main Results:

  • The proposed method successfully measured pseudo-sound levels in the near field without a truncator.
  • The measured pseudo-sound levels were comparable to those obtained using a conventional truncator method.
  • This demonstrates the suitability of the new technique for assessing pseudo-sound effects.

Conclusions:

  • A truncator-free method for pseudo-sound measurement in parametric arrays has been successfully developed and validated.
  • This technique provides a reliable way to evaluate the influence of pseudo-sound on acoustic measurements.
  • The findings contribute to more accurate material characterization using parametric arrays in limited acoustic environments.