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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
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Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

The Creation of a Rat Model for Osteosarcopenia via Ovariectomy
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Association between Circulating Osteoprogenitor Cells and Sarcopenia.

Ahmed Al Saedi1,2, Steven Phu2,3,4, Sara Vogrin1,2

  • 1Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia.

Gerontology
|December 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Low circulating osteoprogenitor cells (%COP) are linked to sarcopenia in older adults. Higher %COP correlates with better muscle function, suggesting potential as a biomarker for this condition.

Keywords:
AgingOsteoporosisOsteosarcopeniaSarcopeniaStem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Regenerative Medicine
  • Musculoskeletal Health
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Circulating osteoprogenitor (COP) cells, a proxy for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, are elevated in osteoporosis and fracture healing.
  • Low percentage of COP cells (%COP) is associated with frailty and disability.
  • The relationship between %COP and sarcopenia, a condition linked to frailty, remains unexplored.

Discussion:

  • This study investigated the association between %COP and sarcopenia using the Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) criteria in community-dwelling older adults.
  • Sarcopenia was diagnosed in 19% of participants, all of whom were frail.
  • Sarcopenic individuals exhibited significantly lower %COP compared to non-sarcopenic individuals, even after adjusting for age, sex, and interleukin-6.

Key Insights:

  • Sarcopenic participants had 36% lower %COP (p=0.024) after multivariate adjustment.
  • While both grip strength and gait speed showed initial associations with %COP, only gait speed remained significant after adjusting for age and frailty.
  • A 0.1 m/s increase in gait velocity was associated with a 5% increase in %COP cells (p=0.052).

Outlook:

  • Higher %COP levels are associated with improved muscle function.
  • Further longitudinal research is necessary to establish the clinical utility of %COP as a biomarker for sarcopenia.
  • Investigating %COP could aid in disease stratification and personalized treatment strategies for sarcopenia.