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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

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Modeling Brain Metastasis by Internal Carotid Artery Injection of Cancer Cells

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Published on: August 2, 2022

Emergent immunotherapy approaches for brain metastases.

Jianbo Wang¹, Hussein A Tawbi²

¹Department of Genitourinary Malignancies, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.

Neuro-Oncology Advances

|December 3, 2021

Summary

Immunotherapy shows promise for brain metastases, with combination therapies yielding higher response rates in melanoma patients. Future research aims to improve efficacy and reduce side effects for better outcomes.

Keywords:

CNS metastases blood–brain barrier checkpoint inhibition immunotherapy combinations multi-modality therapy

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Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Immunology
Medical Oncology

Background:

Brain metastases incidence is rising due to improved systemic therapy survival.
The brain is no longer considered an immune sanctuary, with immunotherapy demonstrating efficacy.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown durable responses in melanoma brain metastases.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current landscape and future directions of immunotherapy for brain metastases.
To highlight the efficacy of single-agent and combination immunotherapies.
To identify challenges and opportunities for advancing treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on immunotherapy for brain metastases.
Analysis of response rates for anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies in melanoma.
Discussion of emerging immunotherapy approaches and combination strategies.

Main Results:

Single-agent anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies achieve 15%-20% durable response in asymptomatic melanoma brain metastases.
Combination anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies yield over 50% intracranial response in asymptomatic melanoma patients.
Symptomatic patients or those on steroids show significantly lower response rates (20%).

Conclusions:

Immunotherapy, particularly combination approaches, offers durable responses in brain metastases.
Future strategies must focus on increasing response rates, reducing toxicity, and minimizing steroid dependency.
Understanding resistance mechanisms and exploring novel agents are crucial for improving patient outcomes.