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Related Concept Videos

Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Methods of reducing fever01:22

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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
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Allergic Reactions02:06

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Hypersensitivities01:30

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis
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Cold-Induced Urticaria in Children.

Eleonora De Luca1, Cristina Guerriero2, Giovanna Capozio3

  • 1Departments of Dermatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Cold-induced urticaria causes hives and swelling in susceptible individuals. Management includes cold avoidance, antihistamines, and omalizumab for severe cases, with epinephrine for emergencies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Cold exposure can trigger wheals and angioedema, known as cold-induced urticaria (CIU).
  • The exact pathogenesis of CIU is unclear, but autoallergens and IgE-mediated autoimmunity are suspected.
  • Interleukin (IL)-1 plays a role, particularly in cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes with cold-induced rashes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the understanding, diagnosis, and management of cold-induced urticaria in children.
  • To highlight the role of inflammatory mediators and genetic conditions in CIU.
  • To outline current and potential therapeutic strategies for pediatric CIU.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical diagnosis based on patient history and cold stimulation tests.
  • Exclusion of underlying systemic disorders through laboratory results.
  • Review of current literature on CIU pathogenesis and treatment.

Main Results:

  • Most pediatric CIU cases are idiopathic, but secondary forms exist.
  • Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation and cold challenge; lab tests aid in differential diagnosis.
  • Effective management involves cold avoidance, antihistamines, and omalizumab in specific cases.

Conclusions:

  • Cold-induced urticaria in children requires a clinical diagnosis supported by specific tests.
  • Management strategies focus on symptom control and preventing severe reactions.
  • Targeted therapies like IL-1 blockade show promise for related genetic conditions.