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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the body's internal structures. It is a non-invasive and safe procedure that does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, making it widely used in various medical fields. Ultrasonography is used to study heart function, blood flow in the neck or extremities, certain conditions such as gallbladder disease, and fetal growth and development.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
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Ultrasound Guided Thyroid Biopsy.

Tyler Smith1, Claire S Kaufman1

  • 1Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Division of Interventional Radiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT.

Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology
|December 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid nodules are common, especially in older adults. Ultrasound and fine needle aspiration (FNA) are key tools for evaluating malignancy risk, with core needle biopsy (CNB) used for inconclusive cases.

Keywords:
TI-RADSThyroid FNAthyroid cancerthyroid nodulethyroid ultrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Radiology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Thyroid nodules are highly prevalent in older adults, often discovered incidentally.
  • Malignancy is present in approximately 5% of all thyroid nodules.
  • Accurate evaluation is crucial for patient management and risk stratification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic utility of ultrasound and biopsy techniques for thyroid nodules.
  • To describe the indications and procedures for fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB).
  • To review potential complications and outcomes following thyroid nodule biopsy.

Main Methods:

  • Ultrasound serves as the primary imaging modality for initial thyroid nodule assessment.
  • Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is performed using a 22-27-gauge needle under ultrasound guidance.
  • Core needle biopsy (CNB), typically with an 18-gauge device, is reserved for non-diagnostic or inconclusive FNA results.

Main Results:

  • Ultrasound effectively identifies nodules with a high risk of malignancy.
  • On-site pathologist evaluation aids in determining the need for repeat or additional sampling.
  • Approximately 10.8% of biopsied thyroid nodules ultimately require surgical excision.

Conclusions:

  • Ultrasound-guided FNA is the standard for evaluating suspicious thyroid nodules.
  • CNB is a valuable adjunct when FNA yields non-diagnostic results.
  • Thyroid biopsies are generally safe, with rare but significant complications like airway compression from hematoma.