Deep learning-based robust automatic non-invasive measurement of blood pressure using Korotkoff sounds

This paper proposes a method that automatically measures non-invasive blood pressure (BP) based on an auscultatory approach using Korotkoff sounds (K-sounds). There have been methods utilizing K-sounds that were more accurate in general than those using cuff pressure signals only under well-controlled environments, but most were vulnerable to the measurement conditions and to external noise because blood pressure is simply determined based on threshold values in the sound signal. The proposed method enables robust and precise BP measurements by evaluating the probability that each sound pulse is an audible K-sound based on a deep learning using a convolutional neural network (CNN). Instead of classifying sound pulses into two categories, audible K-sounds and others, the proposed CNN model outputs probability values. These values in a Korotkoff cycle are arranged in time order, and the blood pressure is determined. The proposed method was tested with a dataset acquired in practice that occasionally contains considerable noise, which can degrade the performance of the threshold-based methods. The results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms a previously reported CNN-based classification method using K-sounds. With larger amounts of various types of data, the proposed method can potentially achieve more precise and robust results.