Simultaneous Interfacial Modification and Crystallization Control by Biguanide Hydrochloride for Stable Perovskite...

Interfacial modification, which serves multiple roles, is vital for the fabrication of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Here, a multifunctional interfacial material, biguanide hydrochloride (BGCl), is introduced between tin oxide (SnO₂ ) and perovskite to enhance electron extraction, as well as the crystal growth of the perovskite. The BGCl can chemically link to the SnO₂ through Lewis coordination/electrostatic coupling and help to anchor the PbI₂ . Better energetic alignment, reduced interfacial defects, and homogeneous perovskite crystallites are achieved, yielding an impressive certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.4%, with an open-circuit voltage of 1.19 V and a drastically improved fill factor of 82.4%. More importantly, the unencapsulated device maintains 95% of its initial PCE after aging for over 500 h at 20 °C and 30% relative humidity in ambient conditions. These results suggest that the incorporation of BGCl is a promising strategy to modify the interface and control the crystallization of the perovskite, toward the attainment of highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells as well as other perovskite-based electronics.