Anatomical and neurophysiological basis of face recognition

Face recognition is a highly developed and efficient human function that involves multiple neural networks. A main pathway links the occipital cortex, where an occipital face area (OFA) has been identified, to a fusiform face area (FFA) in the fusiform gyrus, which plays a critical role in face recognition. This core pathway deals with invariant aspects of the face. Another pathway, including the superior temporal sulcus, is involved in the perception of more changeable aspects of the face such as gaze orientation, face expression and lip movements. It has been defined by some authors as a "third pathway of visual recognition", i.e. a lateral pathway in addition to the "what" and "where" pathways. It deals with sociocognitive aspects of face perception. Many other accessory functional systems are connected to the core system of visual recognition to act in concert with it: the intraparietal sulcus (for the management of spatial attention), the primary auditory cortex (prelexical perception of speech), the amygdala, the insula and the limbic system (perception of emotions), the anterior temporal pole (access to the identity of the individual, his name, biographical information), etc. Functional brain imaging has made remarkable progress in the understanding of face perception, which in the early years was limited to the description of single cases of brain-damaged patients. This progress has made it possible to better analyse the many face recognition disorders, sometimes subtle, other times confusing, observed in human pathology.