Characterization of bioactive, chemical, and sensory compounds from fermented coffees with different yeasts species

Selected yeasts for coffee fermentation are correlated with changes in chemical compounds and beverage sensory characteristics. This work aimed to evaluate the chemical and sensory modifications of coffee fermented with one yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0543, Candida parapsilosis CCMA 0544, or Torulaspora delbrueckii CCMA 0684) and in co-inoculation (from two to two and the three together) by dry processing. Real-time PCR analyzes, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), liquid and gas chromatography, and sensory analysis were performed. Caparaó coffees showed a higher C. parapsilosis (6.14 Log cell.g^-1) population followed by S. cerevisiae (5.85 Log cell.g^-1) and T. delbrueckii (4.64 Log cell.g^-1). The total phenolic content has a strong and positive correlation with the fermentation time and the roasted beans and a moderate and positive correlation with DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS. Coffee inoculated with T. delbrueckii reduced caffeine concentration during the fermentation process. In co-cultivation, the trigonelline concentration showed the most significant decrease (around 4 mg.g^-1) when inoculated with S. cerevisiae and T. delbrueckii. Detection of some organic acids and volatile compounds during fermentation may indicate that the starter cultures used different metabolic routes. All co-inoculation treatments presented the best sensory scores (>86 points). In the inoculated fermentation, fruity, citric, molasses, freshness, and wine notes appeared. The co-inoculated treatment with S. cerevisiae CCMA 0543, C. parapsilosis CCMA 0544, and T. delbrueckii CCMA 0684 was the best, considering the diversity of sensory notes descriptors and the final concentration of organic acids.