[The 2021 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system]

Rapid technical advances in molecular biology allowed for the identification of key genetic alterations in central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Our ever-expanding knowledge of brain tumor genetics and the development of new technologies, such as DNA-methylation profiling, required an update of the 2016 fourth edition of the WHO classification of CNS tumors. Updates were regularly published by the Consortium to Inform Molecular Practical Approaches to CNS Tumor Taxonomy-Not Official WHO (c-IMPACT-NOW) until the publication of the fifth edition of the WHO classification of CNS tumors in 2021. In that edition, new types and subtypes are introduced and criteria for histo-molecular diagnostic and grading are refined, especially for diffuse gliomas. The definition of a broad category "diffuse glioma, pediatric subtype" (low or high grade) is a major improvement of the classification. Moreover, the nomenclature was simplified and aligned with that of other blue books. The 2021 edition truly advances the role of molecular diagnostics in CNS tumor classification. Methyloma profiling may become a cornerstone of CNS tumor diagnostic. The new WHO classification will lead to better management of brain tumor patients.