Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Transition of Farm Pigs to Research Pigs using a Designated Checklist followed by Initiation of Clicker Training - a Refinement Initiative
Published on: August 21, 2021
Ten things I `hate' about refinement
Pietro Roversi1, Dale E Tronrud2
1Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, IBBA-CNR Unit of Milano, Via Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
Abstract:
Macromolecular refinement is an optimization process that aims to produce the most likely macromolecular structural model in the light of experimental data. As such, macromolecular refinement is one of the most complex optimization problems in wide use. Macromolecular refinement programs have to deal with the complex relationship between the parameters of the atomic model and the experimental data, as well as a large number of types of prior knowledge about chemical structure. This paper draws attention to areas of unfinished business in the field of macromolecular refinement. In it, we describe ten refinement topics that we think deserve attention and discuss directions leading to macromolecular refinement software that would make the best use of modern computer resources to meet the needs of structural biologists of the twenty-first century.
Related Concept Videos
Precipitation Processes
Wood Surfacing
The equipment used in the surfacing process is a plane equipped with rotating blades. This tool efficiently smoothens the wood surface and can...
Shape and Texture of Coarse Aggregate
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria
Framing Effects
Impression Management Techniques I: Managing Appearances

