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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
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Spacing, Feedback, and Testing Boost Vocabulary Learning in a Web Application.

Angelo Belardi1, Salome Pedrett1, Nicolas Rothen1

  • 1Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Brig, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Psychology
|December 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Applying spaced learning and corrective feedback in educational technology significantly enhances vocabulary acquisition. These memory research principles improve web-based learning applications for better student outcomes.

Keywords:
CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning)distance educationdistance learninglanguage learningmemoryonline learningvocabulary learningweb application

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Technology
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Information and communication technology (ICT) is increasingly used in education, but its effectiveness and that of specific learning applications require further validation.
  • Insights from fundamental memory research offer potential avenues for improving the efficacy of educational ICT applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the translation of established learning principles into an applied ICT context for vocabulary learning.
  • To assess the impact of spacing, corrective feedback, testing, and multimodality on vocabulary acquisition within a self-developed web application.

Main Methods:

  • A mixed factorial design (3x2x2x2) was employed with 79 participants.
  • Independent variables included Spacing (one, two, or four sessions), Feedback (with or without), Testing (70% or 30% retrieval trials), and Multimodality (unimodal or multimodal).
  • The primary outcome measured was the amount of newly learned vocabulary.

Main Results:

  • Significant main effects were found for Spacing and Feedback.
  • A significant interaction was observed between Feedback and Testing.
  • Optimal Spacing and corrective Feedback, combined with Testing, increased learning by 29% compared to suboptimal conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Established learning principles from basic memory research can be effectively implemented in web applications.
  • These principles can optimize vocabulary learning within an ICT context.
  • The findings support the integration of cognitive principles into educational technology design for enhanced learning outcomes.