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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy: Management and Treatment.

Lauren Hennein1, Shira L Robbins2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility
|December 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) treatments have advanced, offering new options for symptom relief and improved outcomes. This review covers TAO pathophysiology, disease course, and evidence-based interventions, including surgical strategies.

Keywords:
Graves’ ophthalmopathyThyroid-associated orbitopathythyroid eye diseasethyroid ophthalmopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) is a significant cause of adult orbital and strabismus symptoms.
  • Recent therapeutic advancements have expanded treatment possibilities for TAO.
  • Understanding TAO's natural history is crucial for timely and appropriate management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology and natural disease course of TAO.
  • To highlight interventions that can modify TAO's progression.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of evidence-based treatments, including supportive, systemic, and surgical options.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of TAO pathophysiology, natural history, and treatment modalities.
  • Analysis of evidence-based interventions for supportive therapy and systemic agents.
  • Discussion of surgical strategies, principles, indications, and techniques for TAO management.

Main Results:

  • New treatments have significantly improved management options for TAO.
  • A range of interventions, from supportive care to advanced surgery, can alter the disease course.
  • Evidence-based guidelines for medical and surgical treatments are available.

Conclusions:

  • TAO management requires a comprehensive approach, considering pathophysiology and disease stage.
  • Both medical and surgical interventions play vital roles in alleviating symptoms and improving outcomes.
  • Optimal treatment strategies are evolving with ongoing research and therapeutic advancements.