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Decrease in force control among older adults under unpredictable conditions.

Shunsuke Ebisu1, Satoshi Kasahara2, Hiroshi Saito3

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation part, Hokuto Social Medical Corporation Tokachi Rehabilitation Center, Japan.

Experimental Gerontology
|December 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults exhibit impaired force control, especially during unpredictable movements, showing greater errors and muscle co-contraction. This decline in force regulation is linked to reduced functional reach, highlighting a fall risk factor.

Keywords:
AgingAnkle musclesElectromyographyMotor controlMuscle strength

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Gerontology
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Falls in older adults often occur unexpectedly, necessitating effective postural control.
  • Fine-tuned muscle force regulation is crucial for preventing injuries during falls.
  • Understanding age-related changes in force control during unpredictable situations is vital.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics of force control in older adults during a random force-tracking task.
  • To compare force control abilities between older and younger adults.
  • To identify factors contributing to fall risk in older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Ten older adults (67-76 years) and eight young adults (20-23 years) performed ankle plantar flexion in low-range, high-range, and pseudo-random force-tracking tasks.
  • Force control was assessed using root mean square error (RMSE).
  • Muscle activity of gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior was measured via surface electromyography to calculate the co-contraction index (CCI).

Main Results:

  • Older adults demonstrated significantly higher RMSEs and CCIs across all tasks compared to young adults (p < 0.05).
  • Co-contraction index (CCI) was consistently higher during force release than force generation in both age groups.
  • Increased CCIs in older adults were particularly evident during the random force-tracking task and correlated negatively with functional reach.

Conclusions:

  • Force control, particularly in low-band and random muscle force outputs, is diminished in older adults.
  • Elevated muscle co-contraction in older adults is more pronounced during unpredictable movements, suggesting a potential mechanism for falls.
  • Impaired force control and increased co-contraction in older adults are associated with reduced functional reach, indicating a higher fall risk.