Direct stimulation of T lymphocytes by antigen-conjugated beads

To examine T lymphocyte recognition of foreign antigen, specific responses to the photoreactive antigen N-hydroxysuccinimidyl 4-azidobenzoate (HSAB) were determined by using an HSAB/I-Ad-reactive murine T cell hybridoma. It was found that covalent coupling of HSAB to aminoethyl polyacrylamide beads at particular densities directly activated the T cells for IL 2 production, and beads conjugated at higher or lower doses of HSAB were nonstimulatory. This stimulation was specific for the phenyl ring composition of HSAB and for HSAB-reactive T cells. In addition, T cell activation by HSAB-coupled beads was specifically inhibited by soluble monomeric HSAB-glycine. These results indicate that HSAB-specific T cells may be directly stimulated by insolubilized HSAB in the absence of Ia antigens, suggesting direct T cell binding of foreign antigen.