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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer01:19

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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
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Paraneoplastic autoimmune hypophysitis: An emerging concept.

Hironori Bando1, Keitaro Kanie2, Yutaka Takahashi3

  • 1Division of Development of Advanced Therapy for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|December 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Pituitary autoimmunity causes hypopituitarism and is linked to immunotherapy side effects. A new paraneoplastic autoimmune hypophysitis involves tumors triggering an immune attack on pituitary cells.

Keywords:
anti-PIT-1 hypophysitisimmune-checkpoint inhibitor-related hypophysitisisolated ACTH deficiencyparaneoplastic syndrome

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Last Updated: Oct 10, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Pituitary autoimmunity is a primary cause of hypopituitarism.
  • Hypophysitis is an immune-related adverse event of immunotherapy.
  • Recent research identifies anti-PIT-1 hypophysitis as a paraneoplastic syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the etiology of paraneoplastic autoimmune hypophysitis.
  • To explore the mechanisms underlying this novel clinical entity.
  • To provide insights into autoimmune pituitary diseases and other autoimmune conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent case-oriented research.
  • Analysis of mechanisms involving ectopic antigen expression.
  • Discussion of immune tolerance breakdown and T-cell responses.

Main Results:

  • Identification of anti-PIT-1 hypophysitis associated with isolated ACTH deficiency.
  • Recognition of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related hypophysitis as a paraneoplastic syndrome.
  • Elucidation of tumor-associated pituitary antigen expression leading to autoimmune attack.

Conclusions:

  • Paraneoplastic autoimmune hypophysitis is a newly recognized clinical entity.
  • Understanding its pathogenesis offers insights into pituitary and other autoimmune diseases.
  • This concept has implications for diagnosing and managing autoimmune hypophysitis.