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Related Concept Videos

Group Polarization01:01

Group Polarization

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Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Diversity of Protists IV01:27

Diversity of Protists IV

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Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...
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Diversity of Protists III01:27

Diversity of Protists III

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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Diversity of Protists I01:15

Diversity of Protists I

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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

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The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
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Polarization, diversity, and democratic robustness.

Jenna Bednar1,2,3

  • 1Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; jbednar@umich.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Affective polarization threatens democratic robustness by reducing political interest and information diversity. Federalism, however, preserves diversity, potentially safeguarding democracy by enabling cross-cutting cleavages.

Keywords:
democratic declinefederalismpolarizationrobust systems

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Area of Science:

  • Political Science
  • Constitutional Law
  • Democracy Studies

Background:

  • The Madisonian Constitution establishes fragmented and overlapping institutions to manage democratic competition for the public interest.
  • This system of checks and balances enhances democratic robustness, enabling adaptation to evolving challenges.
  • Affective polarization is identified as a significant threat to this democratic resilience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze why affective polarization poses a unique threat to democratic robustness.
  • To propose an alternative perspective on polarization's dangers beyond bimodality and extremism.
  • To explore the role of federalism in mitigating polarization's negative effects on democratic safeguards.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of democratic theory and constitutional design.
  • Examination of the relationship between polarization, interest diversity, and information dispersion.
  • Historical and structural analysis of federalism as a democratic safeguard.

Main Results:

  • Affective polarization poses a distinct threat by reducing interest and information diversity within the political system.
  • Democracy's safeguards, particularly those relying on interest diversity, are weakened by polarization.
  • Federalism uniquely preserves diversity by accommodating differences between national and state interests.

Conclusions:

  • While federalism's diversity can be detrimental (e.g., discriminatory politics), it also acts as a reservoir for interest and information dispersion.
  • This dispersion, facilitated by federalism, can protect democracy by fostering cross-cutting cleavages.
  • Re-emphasizing federalism's role in maintaining diversity is crucial for enhancing democratic robustness against polarization.