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Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Mass Spectrum: Interpretation01:24

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

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An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a low-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.
To...
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Isomerism02:43

Isomerism

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Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Isomers can be further classified into constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Constitutional isomers differ in the connectivity of their constituent atoms. For example, 2-butanol and diethyl ether are constitutional isomers, as they have the same chemical formula, C4H10O, but differ in the connectivity of the carbon and oxygen atoms. Constitutional isomers have different physical and chemical...
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Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...
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Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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Isomerization Processes in Ions of the Empirical Formula .

S G Lias1, P Ausloos1

  • 1Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234.

Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and Chemistry
|December 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study investigates the isomerization of C4H8+ ions formed from various hydrocarbons. Higher photon energy and specific deactivators promote isomerization to more stable structures like the cyclobutane radical cation.

Keywords:
Butenecyclobutaneion structureisomerizationmethylcyclopropanephotoionizationphotolysisradiolysis

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Ion Chemistry

Background:

  • The C4H8+ ion exists in various isomeric forms with different energies.
  • Understanding ion structures and isomerization is crucial for reaction mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the structures of C4H8+ ions generated from different precursors.
  • To investigate the isomerization pathways and energy requirements of C4H8+ ions.
  • To study the influence of collision partners on ion stability and isomerization.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of C4H8+ ions using photons (10-11.8 eV) and gamma radiation from various C4H8 isomers.
  • Structure determination via charge transfer reactions with dimethylamine and nitric oxide.
  • Analysis of C4H8+ isomerization and collisional deactivation at varying pressures.
  • Investigation of energy transfer efficiency with different deactivator gases (He, H2, Ne, Kr, Xe, N2, CO2).

Main Results:

  • C4H8+ ions isomerize to thermodynamically stable structures, predominantly the cyclobutane radical cation, at low pressures.
  • Ion yield shifts indicate that collisionally deactivated precursors form the cyclobutane radical cation.
  • Higher photon energy (11.6-11.8 eV) significantly enhances isomerization compared to lower energy (10 eV).
  • Energy transfer efficiency to deactivators correlates with their polarizability.

Conclusions:

  • The internal energy of the initially formed C4H8+ ion dictates its isomerization potential.
  • Collisional deactivation plays a key role in stabilizing specific ion structures.
  • The polarizability of deactivator molecules influences the efficiency of energy transfer from C4H8+ ions.