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Updated: Oct 10, 2025

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X-ray Computed Tomography Instrument Performance Evaluation, Part II: Sensitivity to Rotation Stage Errors.

Bala Muralikrishnan1, Meghan Shilling1, Steve Phillips1

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
|December 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study investigates rotation stage errors in X-ray computed tomography (XCT) performance evaluations. It recommends optimal sphere placements to enhance sensitivity for developing new XCT instrument standards.

Keywords:
X-ray computed tomographycone-beamdistance errordocumentary standardsform errorgeometry errorsperformance evaluationradiograph-based methodsensitivity analysissingle-point ray tracing method

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Area of Science:

  • Metrology
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Imaging Science

Background:

  • Developing documentary standards for X-ray computed tomography (XCT) instrument performance requires identifying test procedures sensitive to error sources.
  • Part I of this work addressed detector geometry errors; this study focuses on rotation stage errors.
  • Standardization efforts are underway within the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the effect of rotation stage errors on sphere center-to-center distance and form errors in XCT.
  • To identify optimal sphere center locations sensitive to rotation stage errors for XCT performance evaluation standards.
  • To contribute simulation-based data for the development of documentary standards for XCT instruments.

Main Methods:

  • Simulation studies were conducted to analyze the impact of rotation stage errors.
  • The study evaluated errors in sphere center-to-center distance and sphere form within the reconstructed measurement volume.
  • The single-point ray tracing method, introduced in Part I, was utilized for efficient error computation.

Main Results:

  • Rotation stage errors significantly influence sphere center-to-center distance and sphere form errors in XCT.
  • Specific sphere center locations were identified as being most sensitive to rotation stage errors.
  • Simulation data quantifies the impact of rotation stage errors on key performance metrics.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal sphere placement is crucial for developing sensitive test procedures for XCT rotation stage performance.
  • The findings provide recommendations for documentary standards committees to improve XCT performance evaluation.
  • Simulation studies are effective for understanding and quantifying error sources in XCT.