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Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
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In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: natural and artificial. Natural concepts are formed through direct or indirect experiences. For example, consider the concept of snow. If you live in a place with regular snowfall, such as Essex Junction, Vermont, you know snow through direct experiences. You’ve seen it fall, touched it, shoveled it, and played in it. You recognize its texture, appearance, and even its smell. In contrast, if you live on an island like Saint...
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Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Assessing Primary Cilia
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Artificial intelligence: A powerful paradigm for scientific research.

Yongjun Xu1,2, Xin Liu3,2, Xin Cao4

  • 1Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.))
|December 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are transforming fundamental sciences by analyzing complex data. This survey explores AI

Keywords:
artificial intelligencechemistrydeep learninggeoscienceinformation sciencelife sciencemachine learningmaterials sciencemathematicsmedical sciencephysics

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Area of Science:

  • Covers information science, mathematics, medical, materials, geoscience, life science, physics, and chemistry.
  • Highlights the pervasive impact of AI across diverse scientific disciplines.

Background:

  • Machine learning (ML) techniques are crucial for analyzing high-throughput data.
  • AI and ML are driving innovation in science, technology, and daily life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive survey of AI development and applications in fundamental sciences.
  • To identify challenges within scientific disciplines and AI's potential solutions.
  • To illuminate emerging research trends integrating AI into scientific fields.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review and analysis of AI applications in fundamental sciences.
  • Discussion of discipline-specific challenges and AI's role in addressing them.
  • Identification of new research trends and integration strategies for AI.

Main Results:

  • AI and ML offer powerful tools for data analysis, prediction, and evidence-based decision-making.
  • Significant potential exists for AI to overcome challenges in various scientific domains.
  • New research trends show increasing integration of AI across fundamental sciences.

Conclusions:

  • AI is poised to significantly advance fundamental sciences by enhancing research capabilities.
  • This survey serves as a guideline for researchers exploring AI in their respective fields.
  • Promoting understanding of AI applications will foster continued development in science.