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Related Concept Videos

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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
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A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
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Breathing01:05

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Intratracheal Instillation of Stem Cells in Term Neonatal Rats
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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Alexander R Schmidt1, Chandra Ramamoorthy1

  • 1Division of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia - Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

Paediatric Anaesthesia
|December 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has evolved from lung scarring to impaired lung growth in premature infants. Modern BPD definitions focus on respiratory support needs and severity, impacting long-term respiratory and cardiovascular health.

Keywords:
NICUairwaycritical carepretermrespiration

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Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet
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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a primary complication of prematurity.
  • Historically, BPD involved lung scarring from mechanical ventilation and oxygen toxicity.
  • Contemporary BPD reflects arrested lung development, characterized by alveolar simplification and vascular abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the evolution of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia definitions and clinical characteristics.
  • To highlight the shift from "old" BPD (fibrotic lung disease) to "new" BPD (arrested lung growth).
  • To underscore the long-term respiratory and cardiovascular sequelae of BPD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and current definitions of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
  • Analysis of clinical presentation and progression of BPD.
  • Examination of associated long-term complications and treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • The definition of BPD has shifted from oxygen dependency at 28 days to mode and duration of respiratory support.
  • "New" BPD is characterized by impaired alveolarization and pulmonary vascular dysgenesis.
  • Long-term risks include reactive airway disease, asthma, COPD, and pulmonary hypertension.

Conclusions:

  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia represents a spectrum of lung injury and developmental impairment in premature infants.
  • Updated definitions aid in classifying BPD severity and guiding management.
  • Pulmonary hypertension is a critical complication requiring specific medical and anesthetic considerations.