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Updated: Oct 10, 2025

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Three-dimensional compaction of soft granular packings.

Manuel Cárdenas-Barrantes1,2, David Cantor3, Jonathan Barés1

  • 1LMGC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France. manuel-antonio.cardenas-barrantes@umontpellier.fr.

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|December 8, 2021
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Summary

This study reveals how soft elastic particles compact under pressure, transitioning from granular to continuous behavior. An equation accurately predicts packing fraction evolution without parameter tuning.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Mechanics

Background:

  • Understanding particle compaction is crucial for granular materials and soft matter physics.
  • The behavior of soft elastic particles beyond the jamming point presents unique challenges in modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the compaction behavior of soft elastic spherical particle assemblies under increasing confining stress.
  • To characterize the evolution of packing fraction, coordination number, and stress distributions.
  • To develop a predictive model for packing fraction as a function of applied pressure.

Main Methods:

  • Three-dimensional non-smooth contact dynamic (NSCD) simulations were employed.
  • Analysis included tracking packing fraction, coordination number, and von Mises stress distribution.
  • Key micromechanical principles and contact mechanics laws were integrated into a new equation.

Main Results:

  • Packing fraction increases towards a maximum near 1, with coordination number showing a square root dependence.
  • A transition from granular (exponential stress tails) to continuous (Gaussian stress distributions) behavior was observed.
  • The developed equation accurately predicts packing fraction from jamming to high densities.

Conclusions:

  • Soft elastic particle assemblies exhibit distinct compaction behaviors and stress transitions under pressure.
  • A novel, parameter-free equation effectively models the packing fraction evolution.
  • The findings offer insights into the mechanics of granular and continuous materials.