Electron Transport Assisted by Transparent Conductive Oxide Elements in Perovskite Solar Cells

Fluorine and indium elements in F-doped SnO₂ (FTO) and Sn-doped In₂ O₃ (ITO), respectively, significantly contribute toward enhancing the electrical conductivity of these transparent conductive oxides. In this study, fluorine was combined with indium to modify the SnO₂ electron transport layer (ETL) through InF₃ . Consequently, the modified perovskite solar cells (PSCs) showe the favorable alignment of energy levels, improved absorption and utilization of light, enhanced interfacial charge extraction, and suppressed interfacial charge recombination. After InF₃ modification, the open circuit voltage (V_oc ) and fill factor (FF) of the PSC were significantly improved, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) reached 21.39 %, far exceeding that of the control PSC (19.62 %).