Learning efficient navigation in vortical flow fields

Efficient point-to-point navigation in the presence of a background flow field is important for robotic applications such as ocean surveying. In such applications, robots may only have knowledge of their immediate surroundings or be faced with time-varying currents, which limits the use of optimal control techniques. Here, we apply a recently introduced Reinforcement Learning algorithm to discover time-efficient navigation policies to steer a fixed-speed swimmer through unsteady two-dimensional flow fields. The algorithm entails inputting environmental cues into a deep neural network that determines the swimmer's actions, and deploying Remember and Forget Experience Replay. We find that the resulting swimmers successfully exploit the background flow to reach the target, but that this success depends on the sensed environmental cue. Surprisingly, a velocity sensing approach significantly outperformed a bio-mimetic vorticity sensing approach, and achieved a near 100% success rate in reaching the target locations while approaching the time-efficiency of optimal navigation trajectories.