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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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Oncolytic virotherapy as immunotherapy.

Alan Melcher1, Kevin Harrington1, Richard Vile2

  • 1The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Understanding immune responses to oncolytic virotherapy is key. This knowledge enables the development of novel combination therapies for cancer treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Oncolytic virotherapy utilizes viruses to selectively infect and destroy cancer cells.
  • The efficacy of oncolytic viruses can be significantly influenced by the host's immune system.
  • Identifying and characterizing immune responses is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of immune responses in oncolytic virotherapy.
  • To investigate potential synergistic effects when combining oncolytic virotherapy with other treatments.
  • To lay the groundwork for developing novel combination immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of immune cell infiltration and activation in tumor microenvironments.
  • Assessment of cytokine and chemokine profiles.

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  • Evaluation of tumor growth and survival in preclinical models.

    • Main Results:

    • Specific immune cell populations and signaling pathways were identified as critical mediators of oncolytic virotherapy efficacy.
    • Evidence suggests that modulating immune responses can enhance viral oncolysis.
    • Preliminary data indicates potential for combination strategies.

    Conclusions:

    • Immune recognition of oncolytic virotherapy is a critical determinant of success.
    • Targeting or augmenting these immune responses holds promise for improving therapeutic outcomes.
    • Further research into combination therapies is warranted.