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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Updated: Oct 10, 2025

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Genetically Modified Cellular Therapies for Malignant Gliomas.

Michael Kilian1, Theresa Bunse1,2, Wolfgang Wick3,4

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|December 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy shows promise for brain tumors, but faces challenges. Transgenic T cell receptor (TCR) therapy offers a potential alternative for treating malignant glioma.

Keywords:
CARTCRadoptive T cell transferbrain tumorglioblastomaglioma

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Cancer Genetics

Background:

  • Malignant glioma remains a significant challenge with limited treatment options beyond surgery and radiochemotherapy.
  • While immune checkpoint inhibition benefits peripheral tumors, its efficacy in brain tumors is limited.
  • Advances in sequencing identified tumor antigens, leading to CAR T cell therapy development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review glioma antigens targeted by CAR T cells in preclinical and clinical settings.
  • To discuss the benefits and drawbacks of current CAR T cell approaches for glioma.
  • To explore transgenic T cell receptor (TCR) therapy as an alternative for glioma treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies on CAR T cell therapy for glioma.
  • Analysis of identified glioma antigens and their targeting strategies.
  • Evaluation of transgenic TCR therapy as a potential cell therapy for glioma.

Main Results:

  • Numerous CARs have been designed and tested for glioma, showing biological activity.
  • CAR T cell therapy for glioma faces challenges, including antigen limitations and clinical efficacy.
  • Transgenic TCR therapy presents a promising alternative to overcome antigenic limitations.

Conclusions:

  • CAR T cell therapy holds potential for malignant glioma but requires further optimization.
  • Transgenic TCR therapy offers a novel approach to enhance cell therapy efficacy in glioma.
  • Future research should focus on overcoming current limitations in brain tumor immunotherapy.