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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Updated: Oct 10, 2025

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
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Payload Delivery: Engineering Immune Cells to Disrupt the Tumour Microenvironment.

Daniel Fowler1, Callum Nattress1, Alba Southern Navarrete1

  • 1UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 20 Guilford St, London WC1N 1DZ, UK.

Cancers
|December 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Engineered immune cells can overcome solid tumor challenges by delivering therapeutic payloads. Novel gene engineering strategies enhance their ability to modulate the tumor microenvironment and orchestrate anti-tumor immunity.

Keywords:
CAR T cellarmoured CAR T cellcancercell therapyengineered immune cellsimmunosuppressionimmunotherapypayload deliverysolid tumourstumour microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunotherapy
  • Cancer Biology
  • Genetic Engineering

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells show success in blood cancers but struggle against solid tumors.
  • Solid tumors present challenges like poor homing, survival in hostile microenvironments, and immunosuppression.
  • Overcoming these hurdles requires advanced gene engineering for immune cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore engineered immune cells as payload delivery vessels for solid tumors.
  • To discuss how these cells overcome solid tumor-specific challenges.
  • To highlight novel gene engineering approaches for complex polycistronic constructs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advances in gene engineering for immune cells.
  • Focus on constructs for membrane-bound and/or secretable proteins.
  • Discussion of immune cells as direct cytotoxic effectors and payload delivery systems.

Main Results:

  • Engineered immune cells can act as direct tumor effectors and payload carriers.
  • These cells can modulate the tumor microenvironment and orchestrate immune responses.
  • Novel gene constructs enable complex polycistronic gene delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered immune cells offer a promising strategy for solid tumor treatment.
  • Advanced gene engineering is crucial for developing effective CAR T cell therapies for solid tumors.
  • These enhanced immune cells can overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.