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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Main Factors Involved in Thyroid Hormone Action.

Lorena Tedeschi1, Cristina Vassalle2, Giorgio Iervasi1

  • 1Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, 56127 Pisa, Italy.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormones act through nuclear receptors and also via rapid non-genomic pathways. This review details thyroid hormone receptor functions in the nucleus and cytosol, including integrin signaling.

Keywords:
genomicintegrinnongenomicthyroid hormone receptorthyroid hormones

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (THs) exert diverse cellular effects, primarily mediated by nuclear receptors binding DNA to regulate gene expression.
  • Beyond genomic actions, THs also activate extranuclear signaling pathways, impacting cellular functions rapidly.
  • Understanding these dual mechanisms is crucial for comprehending THs' physiological roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and their associated factors.
  • To elucidate the distinct genomic and non-genomic functions of TRs.
  • To describe novel signaling pathways and cellular transport mechanisms involved in TH action.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific publications.
  • Analysis of studies detailing TR genomic and cytosolic functions.
  • Examination of research on integrin αvβ3-mediated TH signaling.
  • Review of literature on TH transporters and TR nuclear-cytosolic shuttling.

Main Results:

  • TRs exhibit both nuclear genomic functions and extranuclear cytosolic roles.
  • Integrin αvβ3 mediates rapid, non-genomic TH signaling pathways.
  • Specific TH transporters facilitate cellular uptake of THs.
  • Proteins involved in TR shuttling between the nucleus and cytosol were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone action is multifaceted, involving both classical genomic and rapid non-genomic pathways.
  • Integrin αvβ3 represents a key player in non-genomic TH signaling.
  • Cellular uptake and receptor localization are critical determinants of TH effects.