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Approximate number system (ANS) tasks show weak but significant correlations with each other and with numeracy and cognitive reflection. Numerosity and proportion estimation tasks relate more strongly to cognitive reflection than numerosity comparison.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Behavior

Background:

  • The approximate number system (ANS) is crucial for numerical cognition.
  • Understanding the relationship between ANS tasks and higher cognitive functions like numeracy and cognitive reflection is important.
  • Existing research often uses limited ANS tasks, potentially overlooking nuanced cognitive mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the correlations among different approximate number system (ANS) tasks.
  • To examine the relationship between ANS abilities and numeracy and cognitive reflection in adults.
  • To explore whether specific ANS tasks are more indicative of higher cognitive abilities.

Main Methods:

  • An online experiment was conducted with 300 Japanese adults (aged 20-39).
  • Participants completed three ANS tasks: numerosity comparison, numerosity estimation, and proportion estimation.
  • Standardized measures for numeracy (Rasch-based scale) and cognitive reflection (CRT) were administered.

Main Results:

  • A weak but significant positive correlation was found among the three ANS tasks.
  • Each ANS task measure showed a significant positive relationship with both numeracy and CRT scores.
  • Numerosity estimation and proportion estimation tasks demonstrated a stronger association with CRT scores compared to numerosity comparison.

Conclusions:

  • ANS abilities are significantly associated with higher cognitive functions, including numeracy and cognitive reflection.
  • Different ANS tasks may tap into distinct cognitive mechanisms, with estimation tasks showing a closer link to cognitive reflection.
  • These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of numerical cognition and its relationship with executive functions.