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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
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Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Epistaxis01:30

Epistaxis

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Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests

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COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction.

Katerina Karamali1, Michael Elliott1, Claire Hopkins2

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Guy's and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust.

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
|December 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

COVID-19 can cause persistent loss of smell (anosmia), affecting millions globally. While olfactory training is recommended, research into new treatments is crucial for long-term recovery.

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Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Loss of sense of smell is a common symptom of COVID-19.
  • While many recover, a significant percentage experience persistent olfactory dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review literature on COVID-19-related anosmia.
  • Focus on epidemiology, pathophysiology, recovery, and treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of COVID-19 anosmia studies.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, pathophysiology, and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Anosmia is highly prevalent post-COVID-19.
  • Up to 7% of patients experience anosmia >12 months.
  • Olfactory training is the primary treatment.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19-induced olfactory dysfunction is a lasting issue.
  • Increased research is needed for effective treatments.